초록
<P><B>Background</B></P><P>Production of monoterpenoids as valuable chemicals using recombinant microbes is a growing field of interest. Unfortunately, antimicrobial activity of most monoterpenoids hampers a wide application of microorganisms for their production. Strains of <I>Pseudomonas putida</I>, a fast growing and metabolically versatile bacterium, often show an outstanding high tolerance towards organic solvents and other toxic compounds. Therefore, <I>Pseudomonas putida</I> constitutes an attractive alternative host in comparison to conventionally used microorganisms. Here, metabolic engineering of solvent tolerant <I>Pseudomonas putida</I> as a novel microbial cell factory for <I>de novo</I> production of monoterpenoids is reported for the first time, exemplified by geranic acid production from glycerol as carbon source. The monoterpenoic acid is an attractive compound for application in the flavor, fragrance, cosmetics and agro industries.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>A comparison between <I>Escherichia coli</I>, <I>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</I> and <I>Pseudomonas putida</I> concerning the ability to grow in the presence of geranic acid revealed that the pseudomonad bears a superior resilience compared to the conventionally used microbes. Moreover, <I>Pseudomonas putida</I> DSM 12264 wildtype strain efficiently oxidized externally added geraniol to geranic acid with no further degradation. Omitting external dosage of geraniol but functionally expressing geraniol synthase (GES) from <I>Ocimum basilicum</I>, a first proof-of-concept for <I>de novo</I> biosynthesis of 1.35 mg/L geranic acid in <I>P. putida</I> DSM 12264 was achieved. Doubling the amount of glycerol resulted in twice the amount of product. Co-expression of the six genes of the mevalonate pathway from <I>Myxococcus xanthus</I> to establish flux from acetyl-CoA to the universal terpenoid precursor isopentenylpyrophosphate yielded 36 mg/L geranic acid in shake flask experiments. In the bioreactor, the recombinant strain produced 193 mg/L of geranic acid under fed-batch conditions within 48 h.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>Metabolic engineering turned <I>Pseudomonas putida</I> DSM 12264, a versatile monoterpenoid oxidation biocatalyst, into an efficient microbial cell factory for <I>de novo</I> geranic acid production. Improvements by metabolic and process engineering are expected to further increase the product concentration. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first example of a <I>de novo</I> production of a monoterpenoid with <I>Pseudomonas putida</I> and of a microbial monoterpenoic acid synthesis in general.</P><P><B>Electronic supplementary material</B></P><P>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-014-0170-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</P>