초록
<P><B>Abstract</B><P>Background<P>Anti-virulence therapy is a promising strategy to treat multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. <I>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</I> is a potent opportunistic pathogen because of an array of virulence factors that are regulated by quorum sensing systems.</P></P><P>Methods<P>The virulence features of four multi-drug resistant <I>P. aeruginosa</I> strains were investigated upon exposure to the sub-lethal dose of gamma rays (1 kGy), and sub-inhibitory concentrations of bioactive metabolites recovered from local halophilic strains in comparison to control. Then, the gene expression of AHL-mediated quorum sensing systems (las/rhl) was quantitatively determined in treated and untreated groups by real-time PCR.</P></P><P>Results<P>The bioactive metabolites recovered from halophilic strains previously isolated from saline ecosystems were identified as <I>Halomonas cupida</I> (Halo-Rt1), <I>H. elongate</I> (Halo-Rt2), <I>Vigibacillus natechei</I> (Halo-Rt3), <I>Sediminibacillus terrae</I> (Halo-Rt4) and <I>H. almeriensis</I> (Halo-Rt5). Results revealed that both gamma irradiation and bioactive metabolites significantly reduced the virulence factors of the tested MDR strains. The bioactive metabolites showed a maximum efficiency for inhibiting biofilm formation and rhamnolipids production whereas the gamma irradiation succeeded in decreasing other virulence factors to lower levels in comparison to control. Quantitative-PCR results showed that AHL-mediated quorum sensing systems (las/rhl) in <I>P. aeruginosa</I> strains were downregulated either by halo-bacterial metabolites or gamma irradiation in all treatments except the upregulation of both lasI internal gene and rhlR intact gene in <I>P. aeruginosa</I> NCR-RT3 and both rhlI internal gene and rhlR intact gene in <I>P. aeruginosa</I> U3 by nearly two folds or more upon exposure to gamma irradiation. The most potent result was observed in the expression of lasI internal gene that was downregulated by more than ninety folds in <I>P. aeruginosa</I> NCR-RT2 after treatment with metabolites of <I>S. terrae</I> (Halo-Rt4). Analyzing metabolites recovered from <I>H. cupida</I> (Halo-Rt1) and <I>H. elongate</I> (Halo-Rt2) using LC-ESI-MS/MS revealed many chemical compounds that have quorum quenching properties including glabrol, 5,8-dimethoxyquinoline-2-carbaldehyde, linoleoyl ethanolamide, agelasine, penigequinolones derivatives, berberine, tetracosanoic acid, and liquidambaric lactone in the former halophile and phloretin, lycoctonine, fucoxanthin, and crassicauline A in the latter one.</P></P><P>Conclusion<P>QS inhibitors can significantly reduce the pathogenicity of MDR <I>P. aeruginosa</I> strains; and thus can be an effective and successful strategy for treating antibiotic resistant traits.</P></P></P>