초록
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A great amount of research has been performed during the last 10years focusing on forward osmosis (FO) processes. The main driving force is to find an effective and low energy demanding methodology for water recovery as well as up-concentration of valuable products. Nevertheless, the energetic and financial benefits of this technology can be undermined from the fact that FO should be usually coupled with reverse osmosis (RO) for subsequent water purification and draw solution regeneration. Hence, a different approach was applied in order to omit the RO step. Crude glycerol and enzymatically pretreated wheat straw, which are common 2nd generation biorefinery feedstocks, have been evaluated as possible draw solution. In this way, water can be directly recovered and transferred back into the fermentation loop without further purification. Applying the Aquaporin Inside™ Forward Osmosis system, crude glycerol and wheat straw hydrolysate have demonstrated water fluxes up to 10.5L/m<SUP>2</SUP>/h and 5.37L/m<SUP>2</SUP>/h, respectively. Furthermore, economic analysis of FO coupled with bioprocessing has demonstrated that substantial financial cost reduction regarding the product recovery can be achieved. All in all, this novel approach can be applied for both water recovery and up-concentration of soluble products in the fermentation broth and presents a great potential within biorefineries.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Standalone forward osmosis, FO, can be applied for water reuse in bioprocesses. </LI> <LI> The concept is promising for wheat straw hydrolysate and glycerol as feedstocks. </LI> <LI> 50% water recirculation resulted in 50% reduction of butanol purification cost. </LI> <LI> Indicative FO OPEX are negligible compared to cost reduction due to water reuse. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>