초록
<P><B>Background</B></P><P>The great interest in the production of highly pure lactic acid enantiomers comes from the application of polylactic acid (PLA) for the production of biodegradable plastics. Yeasts can be considered as alternative cell factories to lactic acid bacteria for lactic acid production, despite not being natural producers, since they can better tolerate acidic environments. We have previously described metabolically engineered <I>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</I> strains producing high amounts of L-lactic acid (>60 g/L) at low pH. The high product concentration represents the major limiting step of the process, mainly because of its toxic effects. Therefore, our goal was the identification of novel targets for strain improvement possibly involved in the yeast response to lactic acid stress.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>The enzyme <I>S</I>-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthetase catalyses the only known reaction leading to the biosynthesis of SAM, an important cellular cofactor. SAM is involved in phospholipid biosynthesis and hence in membrane remodelling during acid stress. Since only the enzyme isoform 2 seems to be responsive to membrane related signals (<I>e.g.</I> myo-inositol), Sam2p was tagged with GFP to analyse its abundance and cellular localization under different stress conditions. Western blot analyses showed that lactic acid exposure correlates with an increase in protein levels. The <I>SAM2</I> gene was then overexpressed and deleted in laboratory strains. Remarkably, in the BY4741 strain its deletion conferred higher resistance to lactic acid, while its overexpression was detrimental. Therefore, <I>SAM2</I> was deleted in a strain previously engineered and evolved for industrial lactic acid production and tolerance, resulting in higher production.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>Here we demonstrated that the modulation of <I>SAM2</I> can have different outcomes, from clear effects to no significant phenotypic responses, upon lactic acid stress in different genetic backgrounds, and that at least in one genetic background <I>SAM2</I> deletion led to an industrially relevant increase in lactic acid production. Further work is needed to elucidate the molecular basis of these observations, which underline once more that strain robustness relies on complex cellular mechanisms, involving regulatory genes and proteins. Our data confirm cofactor engineering as an important tool for cell factory improvement.</P><P><B>Electronic supplementary material</B></P><P>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-014-0147-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</P>