초록
<P><B>Background</B></P><P>Medium chain carboxylic acids, such as caproic acid, are conventionally produced from food materials. Caproic acid can be produced through fermentation by the reverse β-oxidation of lactic acid, generated from low value lignocellulosic biomass. In situ extraction of caproic acid can be achieved by membrane electrolysis coupled to the fermentation process, allowing recovery by phase separation.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Grass was fermented to lactic acid in a leach-bed-type reactor, which was then further converted to caproic acid in a secondary fermenter. The lactic acid concentration was 9.36 ± 0.95 g L<SUP>−1</SUP> over a 33-day semi-continuous operation, and converted to caproic acid at pH 5.5–6.2, with a concentration of 4.09 ± 0.54 g L<SUP>−1</SUP> during stable production. The caproic acid product stream was extracted in its anionic form, concentrated and converted to caproic acid by membrane electrolysis, resulting in a >70 wt% purity solution. In a parallel test exploring the upper limits of production rate through cell retention, we achieved the highest reported caproic acid production rate to date from a lignocellulosic biomass (grass, via a coupled process), at 0.99 ± 0.02 g L<SUP>−1</SUP> h<SUP>−1</SUP>. The fermenting microbiome (mainly consisting of <I>Clostridium</I> IV and <I>Lactobacillus</I>) was capable of producing a maximum caproic acid concentration of 10.92 ± 0.62 g L<SUP>−1</SUP> at pH 5.5, at the border of maximum solubility of protonated caproic acid.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>Grass can be utilized as a substrate to produce caproic acid. The biological intermediary steps were enhanced by separating the steps to focus on the lactic acid intermediary. Notably, the pipeline was almost completely powered through electrical inputs, and thus could potentially be driven from sustainable energy without need for chemical input.<BR>>[FIG OMISSION]</BR></P><P><B>Electronic supplementary material</B></P><P>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13068-017-0863-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</P>