초록
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Flocculants are foreign particles that aggregate suspended microalgae cells and due to cost factor and toxicity, harvesting of microalgae biomass has shifted towards the use of bioflocculants. In this study, mild acid-extracted bioflocculants from waste chicken’s eggshell and clam shell were used to harvest <I>Chlorella vulgaris</I> that was cultivated using chicken compost as nutrient source. It was found that a maximum of 99% flocculation efficiency can be attained at pH medium of 9.8 using 60 mg/L of hydrochloric acid-extracted chicken’s eggshell bioflocculant at 50 °C of reaction temperature. On the other hand, 80 mg/L of hydrochloric acid-extracted clam shell bioflocculant was sufficient to recover <I>C. vulgaris</I> biomass at pH 9.8 and optimum temperature of 40 °C. The bioflocculants and bioflocs were characterized using microscopic, zeta potential, XRD, AAS and FT-IR analysis. The result revealed that calcium ions in the bioflocculants are the main contributor towards the flocculation of <I>C. vulgaris</I>, employing charge neutralization and sweeping as possible flocculation mechanisms. The kinetic parameters were best fitted pseudo-second order which resulted in R<SUP>2</SUP> of 0.99 under optimal flocculation temperature. The results herein, disclosed the applicability of shell waste-derived bioflocculants for up-scaled microalgae harvesting for biodiesel production.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Flocculation efficiency of 99% was attained by using low cost bioflocculants. </LI> <LI> Charge neutralization and sweeping was determined as the flocculation mechanisms. </LI> <LI> Kinetic parameter best fitted pseudo-second order model with R<SUP>2</SUP> of 0.99. </LI> <LI> Lower activation energy was achieved as compared to reported literatures. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>