초록
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P> <I>Clostridium thermocellum</I> has the natural ability to convert cellulose to ethanol, making it a promising candidate for consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of cellulosic biomass to biofuels. To further improve its CBP capabilities, a mutant strain of <I>C. thermocellum</I> was constructed (strain AG553; <I>C. thermocellum</I> Δ<I>hpt</I> Δ<I>hydG</I> Δ<I>ldh</I> Δ<I>pfl</I> Δ<I>pta-ack</I>) to increase flux to ethanol by removing side product formation. Strain AG553 showed a two- to threefold increase in ethanol yield relative to the wild type on all substrates tested. On defined medium, strain AG553 exceeded 70% of theoretical ethanol yield on lower loadings of the model crystalline cellulose Avicel, effectively eliminating formate, acetate, and lactate production and reducing H<SUB>2</SUB> production by fivefold. On 5g/L Avicel, strain AG553 reached an ethanol yield of 63.5% of the theoretical maximum compared with 19.9% by the wild type, and it showed similar yields on pretreated switchgrass and poplar. The elimination of organic acid production suggested that the strain might be capable of growth under higher substrate loadings in the absence of pH control. Final ethanol titer peaked at 73.4mM in mutant AG553 on 20g/L Avicel, at which point the pH decreased to a level that does not allow growth of <I>C. thermocellum</I>, likely due to CO<SUB>2</SUB> accumulation. In comparison, the maximum titer of wild type <I>C. thermocellum</I> was 14.1mM ethanol on 10g/L Avicel. With the elimination of the metabolic pathways to all traditional fermentation products other than ethanol, AG553 is the best ethanol-yielding CBP strain to date and will serve as a platform strain for further metabolic engineering for the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Eliminated genes involved in production of acetate, lactate, formate, and most H<SUB>2</SUB>. </LI> <LI> Highest ethanol yield achieved to date in <I>C. thermocellum.</I> </LI> <LI> More than doubled ethanol yield from pretreated switchgrass and poplar. </LI> <LI> Increased ethanol titer at higher cellulose loadings. </LI> </UL> </P>