초록
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Lignocellulosic biomass is considered abundant renewable feedstock to constitute a green and environmentally friendly approach for biofuels (bio-butanol) production as an effective substitute for fossil resources. However, a variety of fermentable inhibitors can be generated in hydrolysates during the biomass pretreatment process. Among them, phenolics including phenolic acids and phenolic aldehydes are the most toxic inhibitors to solventogenic clostridia for bio-butanol production. This study elucidates the physiological mechanism of <I>Clostridium acetobutylicum</I> ATCC 824 response to phenolic inhibitors by the integration of kinetics and transcriptional analysis. Butanol fermentations were stressed by 0.4 g/L phenolic acids or 0.4 g/L phenolic aldehydes at 12 h at the beginning of solventogenesis. With post-stress for 12 h, butanol titer was 7.01 g/L in fermentation with phenolic acid stress, while only 5.82 g/L butanol was produced in the case of phenolic aldehydes stress. Reductions in the two fermentations were 27.6% and 40.0% in comparison with the control (without stress), indicated that phenolic aldehydes had a stronger inhibitory effect on solvents synthesis in <I>C. acetobutylicum</I> than phenolic acids. Additionally, the transcriptional analysis revealed that phenolics altered the gene expression profiles related to membrane transporters such as ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-transporter and phosphotransferase system (PTS), glycolysis, and heat shock proteins. The lower expression levels of PTS-related genes might result in reduced glucose consumption and finally inhibited solvents synthesis under phenolic aldehydes stress. Some genes encoding histidine kinase (CA_C0323, CA_C0903, and CA_C3319) were also affected by phenolics, which might inhibit sporulation. In conclusion, our results provide valuable guidance for the construction of robust strain to efficiently produce bio-butanol from lignocellulosic biomass.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Effects of phenolic acids/aldehydes on butanol fermentation were investigated. </LI> <LI> Phenolic aldehydes have stronger inhibitory effects on butanol fermentation. </LI> <LI> Transcriptional analysis of <I>C. acetobutylicum</I> under phenolic stresses was studied. </LI> <LI> Phenolics altered the expression profiles of genes related to membrane transporter. </LI> <LI> Some genes related to glycolysis and HSP were affected by phenolic stress. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>